Enemies include all types of ships belonging to the foe or enemy countries and to their hostile acts, provided such acts formed part of the enemy campaign. It includes all damages or losses sustained owing to the hostile acts of an enemy. One who tries or wishes to harm or attack or one who has ill feeling or hatred towards another. It is to be remembered that certain losses on account of perils of fire not covered by the standard form can be covered by having special clauses and paying the extra charges. If the loss is caused by the wilful misconduct of the insured or the fire takes place on account of the inherent vice or nature of the subject matter insured, the insurer is not responsible. Though every type of fire is not covered by the policy, damage caused by smoke or by the heat of fire or damage by water used to put out or prevent the spread of fire or fire resulting from lightning, spontaneous combustion, explosion, negligence of the master or crew etc., are covered by the policy. Fireįire is one of the most common perils of the sea and the underwriter is liable for loss caused by it. Loss of cargo due to heat produced by the closing of ventilators to prevent the entry of sea water on rough weather. Loss resulting from negligent navigation, provided it was caused by a peril of the sea.ģ. Loss of cargo as a result of sea water entering the ship through a hole made by rats in the bottom of the ship.Ģ. Thus, if a ship hits a sunken rock and sinks or collides with another ship and suffers a loss, it is a case of loss by perils of the sea.ġ. A point to note here is that losses caused by perils of the sea cannot be prevented by any reasonable care, skill and diligence on the part of human beings. They include accidents, capture of the ship or its cargo by pirates, losses by collision, etc. They refer to all risks, perils and dangers peculiar to the sea. The above said definition discloses the various types of marine perils. The perils consequent on or incidental to, the navigation of the sea, that is to say, perils of the seas, fire, war perils (enemies), pirates, rovers, thieves, captures, seizures, restraints and detainment of princess and peoples, jettison, barratry and other perils, either of the like kind or which may be designed by the policy.
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